Contextual Fear Learning and Extinction in the Primary Visual Cortex of Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

Fear memory contextualization is critical for selecting adaptive behavior to survive. Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is a classical model for elucidating related underlying neuronal circuits. The primary visual cortex (V1) is the primary cortical region for contextual visual inputs, but its role in CFC is poorly understood. Here, our experiments demonstrated that bilateral inactivation of V1 in mice impaired CFC retrieval, and both CFC learning and extinction increased the turnover rate of axonal boutons in V1. The frequency of neuronal Ca2+ activity decreased after CFC learning, while CFC extinction reversed the decrease and raised it to the naïve level. Contrary to control mice, the frequency of neuronal Ca2+ activity increased after CFC learning in microglia-depleted mice and was maintained after CFC extinction, indicating that microglial depletion alters CFC learning and the frequency response pattern of extinction-induced Ca2+ activity. These findings reveal a critical role of microglia in neocortical information processing in V1, and suggest potential approaches for cellular-based manipulation of acquired fear memory.

Advantages and disadvantages of urine alkalinization in patients with hyperuricemia and gout / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Gout is a metabolic inflammatory disease characterized by hyperuricemia. When serum uric acid concentration(sUA) is greater than 420 μmol/L, monosodium urate(MSU) crystals are formed and deposited in joints and connective tissues, resulting in acute gout arthritis. In addition to the concentration of urate, pH is also one of the factors affecting MSU deposition. Lowering pH can promote MSU crystallization. Urine alkalization can raise the pH to 6.2~6.9, which can increase the solubility of urate to prevent MSU deposition and the formation of uric acid stones. Commonly used clinical medications include citrate, bicarbonate, acetazolamide, tromethamine, etc. Among them, potassium citrate is the most commonly used alkali agent in clinical practice. However, due to adverse drug reactions, clinical medications need to be cautious. In addition to pharmacotherapy, dietary intervention has also become an important means of alkalizing urine. When sufficient attention is paid to the construction of a balanced diet, dietary intervention will become a safe and economical method for the treatment of gout, but the long-term efficacy has not been determined. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of urine alkalinization in the application of hyperuricemia and gout from aspects of pharmacological treatment and diet management, and provides a basis for proper medication use.

Role of Clinical Pharmacists in Anti-infective Therapy for Patients with Septic Shock in ICU / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To explore the role of clinical pharm acists in anti-infective therapy in patients with septic shock in the ICU. METHODS ：A total of 180 patients with septic shock were retrospectively collected from ICU of Chongqing Qianjiang Central Hospital during Jan.-Dec. 2018. According to whether clinical pharmacists participated in anti-infective therapy in the whole process，the patients were divided into intervention group （92 cases）and control group （88 cases）. Both groups were given routine treatment according to clinical diagnosis ；on this basis ，clinical pharmacists participated in the whole anti-infective therapy of the intervention group ，including participating in pharmaceutical rounds ，formulating anti-infective programs ，guiding nurses to implement anti-infective plan ，and providing pharmaceutical care for patients. The effectiveness ，safety and antibiotics clinical use indexes（such as proportion ，treatment course and cost of key monitored drugs ）were evaluated in 2 groups. RESULTS ：The cure rate of intervention group （98.91％）was significantly higher than that of control group （93.18％），while the incidence of ADR in the intervention group （8.70％）was significantly lower than control group （23.86％）. The use of antibiotics types was more rational（the proportion of carbapenems used in intervention group and control group were 20.65％，36.36％；those of quinolones were 15.22％，28.41％，respectively）；the duration of antibiotics use in the intervention group [ （15.18±2.25）d] was significantly shorter than control group [ （19.84±3.81）d]. The cost of antibiotics per capita [ （2 846.99±712.48）yuan] was significantly lower than control group [ （3 991.26±577.82）yuan]，with statistical significance of all above （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ： Clinical pharmacists participating in the anti-infective treatment of ICU patients with septic shock and providing pharmaceutical care，can improve the anti-infective effect ，reduce adverse drug reactions and drug-induced diseases ，optimize the use of antibiotics and reduce medical cost.

Risk Factors of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma:An Analysis Based on Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Database / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explored the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) by analyzing the data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database.Methods The data of 31 017 patients with PTMC in the SEER database from 2002 to 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to explore the associations of the factors and the risk of lymph node metastasis in PTMC.Results Multivariate analysis revealed that male (OR=0.673,95%CI=0.605-0.748,P=0.001),age5 mm(OR=1.172,95%CI=1.153-1.191,P=0.001),follicular variant (OR=0.641,95%CI =0.574-0.716,P=0.001),and multifocal (OR=1.662,95%CI=1.516-1.821,P=0.001) and external thyroid extension (ETE) (capsular invasion OR=1.232,95%CI=1.183-1.543,P=0.001;minor invasion OR=2.119,95%CI=1.377-3.263,P=0.001;and gross invasion OR=2.546,95%CI=2.218-2.921,P=0.001) were significantly associated with central lymph node metastasis (CLNM). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size >5 mm(OR=1.112,95%CI =1.091-1.133,P=0.001),male (OR=0.36,95%CI=0.322-0.401,P=0.001),age5 mm),follicular variant-PTMC,ETE,and multifocality are the risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis. Distant metastasis is associated with lateral lymph node metastasis. For patients at high risk of PTMC,prophylactic neck lymph node dissection is recommended.

Effect of rabeprazole-based triple therapy for associated gastric ulcer caused by the helicobacter pylori infection / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the effects of rabeprazole-based triple therapy for associated gastric ulcer caused by the helicobacter pylori(Hp) infection. Methods 100 patients with associated gastric ulcer caused by the Hp infection were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. The treatment group was given rabeprazole-based triple therapy( rabeprazole 10mg bid, amoxicillin 1.0g bid and clarithromycin 500mg bid), and the control group was given omeprazole-based triple therapy( omeprazole 20mg bid, amoxicillin 1.0g bid and clarithromycin 500mg bid). The two groups were given 7 days treatment. Results The total effective rate of clinical symptoms of treatment group was 96. 0% ,the healing rate of the treatment group was 88.0%, the total effective rate of gastroscopy effect of treatment group was 94.0% ,the Hp clearance rate of treatment group was 92.0% and the Hp eradication rate of treatment group was 90. 0% ,which were higher than the control group,but the difference was not significant( P ＞ 0. 05 ). The two groups had no significant adverse reactions. Conclusion Rabeprazole-based triple therapy for associated gastric ulcer caused by the Hp infection was effective, safe and worth popularization and application.

Expression of wnt5a gene in hematologic diseases and leukemic cell lines / 中国实验血液学杂志

This study was aimed to investigate the expression level of Wnt5a gene in some hematologic diseases and leukemic cell lines so as to provide a basis for further research of Wnt5a role and its mechanism in hematologic malignancies. The mononuclear cells of peripheral blood and bone marrow were isolated by human lymphocytic isolation solution. The expression of Wnt5a gene in specimen of 31 cases and three leukemic cell lines (Jurkat, K562, HL-60) were detected by RT-PCR. The results showed that in four out of five AML cases, negative or weak positive expressions were observed and negative expressions were observed also in K562 and HL-60 cells. Only in one AML case with complete remission and Jurkat cells the strong positive expressions were observed. The negative expression was observed in all six CML cases. In three out of four ALL cases, the expression was positive or weak positive and one negative. The expressions in two CLL cases were negative. Out of two MM cases, the expression in one was weak positive and in other was negative. Out of three lymphoma cases, the expression in one case was weak positive and in other two cases were negative. There were positive or weak positive expressions in two cases of AA, two cases of IDA, three cases of ITP, one cases of PV and ET cases. It is concluded that there have obvious down-regulated or lost expression of Wnt5a gene in 31 cases of hematologic disease and myelocytic leukemic cell lines except ALL samples. Nevertheless there have general positive expression of Wnt5a in cases of non-malignant hematologic diseases. These results suggest that the genesis of myelocytic leukemia is related to the down-regulated expression of Wnt5a.

Differentiation phenotypes of k562 cells induced by exogenous wnt5a / 中国实验血液学杂志

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of exogenous Wnt5a on directional differentiation of K562 cells. Wnt5a and GFP condition mediums were prepared by recombinant adenoviral vector AdWnt5a and AdGFP transfecting CHO cells. K562 cells were treated with Wnt5a and the GFP condition mediums for 1 - 7 days as Wnt5a treated group and control group respectively. The morphological changes of K562 cells were observed by light microscope and electron microscope; the differentiation phenotypes of K562 cells were identified by the cytochemical staining of POX, PAS, alpha-NAE and immunocytochemistry of CD13, CD14, CD68, and the effect of Wnt5a on cell cycle distribution of K562 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that the morphology and ultrastructure of K562 cells treated by Wnt5a displayed differentiation mature feature; both POX and PAS staining showed higher positive ratio in Wnt5a treated group than that in control group; the alpha-NAE staining also was positive, but positive intensity in Wnt5a treated group could be inhibited up to 70% by NaF. The expressions of monocytic differentiation antigens of CD14, CD68 in Wnt5a treated group were higher than those in control group, but the expression differences of granulocytic differentiation antigen CD13 between Wnt5a treated group and control group were not significant. The cell cycle in treated group was blocked at G2 phase as compared with control group. It is concluded that exogenous Wnt5a can induce K562 cells to differentiate towards mature and K562 cells treated with Wnt5a displays features of differentiation towards monocytic lineage.

Studies on chemical constituents from root of Clematis hexapetala / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis hexapetala.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The compounds were separated by means of solvent extraction, repeated chromatography with silica gel and HPLC. The structures were determined by spectral analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Nine compounds were isolated as friedelin (1) , anemonin (2) , beta-sitosterol (3) , palmitic acid (4) , vanillic acid (5) , isolariciresinol (6) , 5-hydroxumethyl-5H-furan-2-one (7) , n-nonane (8) , daucosterol (9).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All the compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time.</p>